Paternal contribution to development: Sperm genetic damage and repair in fish
Résumé
In this reviewwe provide an overviewof the components of the spermatozoa playing an important role in reproductive
success beyond fertilization, showing the relationship between the integrity of the diverse elements and
the development of a healthy offspring. The present knowledge about fish spermchromatin organization, epigeneticmodifications
of DNA and histones and sperm-borne RNAs, essential in controlling embryo development, is
summarized, pointing out the possibility of using specific genes or transcripts as biomarkers of sperm quality.
Data about commercial species are reported when available and more detailed information about zebrafish
sperm is presented.
Considering the implications that the integrity of sperm genome and epigenome has on the preservation of a
proper genotype and phenotype in the progeny, the methods applied for the study of chromatin damage and
for the study of transcriptome are described.Moreover we discuss some injuring agents affecting paternal information,
from the presence of contaminants in the aquatic environment, to the reproductive practices applied in
fish farming. The consequences of fertilizing with damaged spermatozoa, as well as the zygotic ability to repair
damage are also reviewed.
Statement of relevance: Role of the sperm on achieving high rates of healthy fries.